![]() ![]() Klueber K, Langdon HL (1979) Anatomy of musclus levator veli palatini in the 15-week human fetuses. Embryological basis of extraocular muscles anomalies. Kim JH, Hayashi S, Yamamoto M et al (2020) Examination of the annular tendon (annulus of zinn) as a common origin of the extraocular rectus muscles: 2. ![]() Kim JH, Yamamoto M, Abe H et al (2017) The palatomaxillary suture revisited: a histological and immunohistochemical study using human fetuses. Huang NHS, Lee ST, Rajendram K (1998) Anatomic basis of cleftbpalate and velopharyngeal surgery: implications from a fresh cadaveric study. Holman SD, Waranch DR, Campbell-Malone R et al (2013) Sucking and swallowing rates after palatal anesthesia: an electromyographic study in infants pigs. Hayashi S, Hirouchi H, Murakami G et al (2020) Transient connection or origin of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor during fetal development: a study using human fetal sagittal sections. ĭoyle WJ, Kitajiri M, Sando I (1973) The anatomy of the auditory tube and paratubal musculature in a one month old cleft palate infact. ĭoménech-Ratto G (1977) Development and peripheral innervation of the palatal muscles. ĭing P, Campbell-Malone R, Holman SD et al (2013) Unilateral superior laryngeal nerve lesion in an animal model of dysphagia and its effect on sucking and swallowing. Ĭho KH, Lee HS, Katori Y et al (2013) Deep fat of the face revisited. A tensile transduction from the BC to the CPS through the raphe seemed unnecessary for cooperative suckling and swallowing after birth.Ībe S, Fukuda M, Yamane S et al (2013) Fetal anatomy of the upper pharyngeal muscles with special reference to the nerve supply: is it an enteric plexus or simply an intramuscular nerve? Anat Cell Biol 46:141–148. The excess anterior growth of the CPS with its subsequent degeneration might cause individual anatomical variations in composite muscle bundles of the palatopharyngeus-CPS complex or palatopharyngeal sphincter. A definite fascia (i.e., a future pterygomandibular raphe) was usually absent between these muscles in fetuses. At and near the interface, BC muscle fibers tended to run along the left–right axis, whereas those of the CPS ran anteroposteriorly. Muscle fibers of the palatopharyngeus, however, were thinner than those of the CPS and BC. Notably, by 30 weeks, the CPS-BC interface had become covered by or attached to the palatopharyngeus. Some BC muscle fibers originated from the oral mucosa. Until 13 weeks, the CPS extended anterolaterally beyond the hamulus to meet the BC. Until 11 weeks, the CPS was attached to the hamulus of the pterygoid (pterygopharyngeal part). ResultsĪt 8–9 weeks, the palatopharyngeus appeared to pull the CPS up and forward. The topographical relationship between the growing BC and CPS was assessed in histological sections from 22 early- and mid-term fetuses of approximate gestational age (GA) 8–16 weeks, and eight late-term fetuses of approximate GA 31–39 weeks. The process and timing of their meeting during fetal growth have not been determined. The constrictor pharyngis superior (CPS) initially develops along the posterior wall of the pharyngeal mucosal tube, whereas, during the early phase, the buccinators (BC) are far anterolateral to the CPS. ![]()
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